Using a model of opportunities versus constraints allows a better understanding and monitoring of corruption over time, as well as an assessment of the impact of anticorruption efforts. Designing actionable instruments based on a model such as the Transparency Index or analytical tools like the Index of Public Integrity (IPI) enables one to see where countries come up short and identify what is missing to change the balance, especially by comparing them against their regional or income peers. Action is always limited, however, by the capacity of a society to demand better governance and constrain the rulers to act in the public interest. Opportunities for corruption can only be reduced by anticorruption policies, and for any government to enact anticorruption policies popular demand has to be strong, consistent over years and non-partisan.
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