Index
Article Category:
Encyclopedia Chapter
Publication Date:
Dec 2022
Page Range:
528–541
Collections:
Business 2021
Full access

  • A Baseball Handbook for Club Executives 1, 236

  • A Sociology of Teaching 448

  • Abbott, Cleve Conrad 234

  • Abramovich, Roman 76

  • abuse of authority 111

  • academic history of sport management 1–3

  • accessing trade publications 495

  • accreditation 3–6, 123, 124, 151, 188, 263, 374, 511

  • Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration (ACPHA) 5

  • Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP) 4

  • Accreditation Task Force 4

  • activation 6–8, 164, 453, 476, 486

  • active aging 8–9

  • Active Aging Index (AAI) 8, 9

  • Active for Life 23

  • active recreation 390

  • activism 9–10, 69, 173, 188–90, 205, 366, 367, 443, 444, 479, 513

  • activities, interests, opinions (AIO) 377

  • activity theory 8, 18

  • ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) 25

  • adaptive sport 11–12, 141, 142

  • adidas 106, 187, 198, 214, 318, 319

  • administrator concern 394

  • advertising 12–13

  • Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature 292

  • agency 14–15, 205–6

  • agency theory 467

  • agenda setting 15–16, 110

  • agents 14, 15, 16–18

  • Agile practices 225, 226

  • aging and sport 18–19

  • AIM Sports Reputation Management 400

  • Ajan, Tamas 111

  • alcohol 66, 70, 217, 245, 315

  • Ali, Muhammad 10, 439, 440

  • All Blacks (New Zealand’s national rugby team) 122, 171

  • alternative sports 19–20, 182

  • Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) 39, 80, 90, 525

  • amateur sport 20–21

    • athlete development 22–3

  • Amateur Sports Act (1978) 38, 90, 219, 283

  • amateurism 20, 21, 39, 64, 95, 261, 282, 327, 393, 444

  • Amazon 74, 75, 310, 455, 471, 476, 519

  • Amazon Web Services (AWS) 74, 75

  • ambush marketing 23–24, 181, 455

  • America’s Cup 85

  • American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) 33

  • American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) 4, 25, 359

  • American Baptist Home Mission 234

  • American College Public Relations (ACPRA) 457

  • American Development Model (ADM) 523, 524

  • American Freedom from Hunger Foundation 359

  • American Marketing Association (AMA) 299

  • American Medical Association 66

  • American Missionary Association 234

  • American Psychological Association (APA) 379, 430

  • Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 (ADA) 24–25, 90, 142, 187

  • analytics 26–8, 511–12

  • Andrews, David 215, 450

  • Android 30, 167

  • anti-doping see also WADA 66, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 207

  • anti-doping rule violation (ADRV) 151, 152, 154

  • Antihazing Coalition 229

  • Antitrust 14, 29–30, 107, 153, 158, 205, 280, 282, 283, 327

  • apartheid 140

  • Apple 30, 31, 239, 240, 310, 335, 454, 512, 521

  • Apps 30–32, 134, 216, 239, 322

  • arbitration 15, 29, 32–3, 77, 205, 219

  • archetypes 62

  • Armstrong, Lance 151, 440

  • Arsenal FC 232

  • Arthur Blank (AMB) Group 97

  • artificial intelligence (AI) 458

  • Asian Games 313

  • Associated Press (AP) 58

  • Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) 79, 80

  • Association of Aquatics Professionals 494

  • Association of Christian College Athletics 78, 281

  • Association of Luxury Suite Directors (ALSD) 296

  • Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) 4

  • associations 33–4

  • AT&T Mobility, LLC v. National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc. (2007) 326

  • athlete biological passport (ABP) 154

  • Athlete Brand Equity (ABE) 35, 36

  • athlete development literacy (ADL) 36

  • athletes

  • athletic conferences 39–40

  • athletic director (AD) 40–42

  • Athletic, The 307

  • Athletics Association 38

  • Atlanta Falcons 97, 437

  • p. 529Atlanta Football Classic 234

  • atmospherics 42–3, 119, 375, 376, 424

  • attendance 43–5

  • Auburn University 58

  • Auckland, New Zealand 9, 85, 518

  • audience 45–6

  • Australia 76, 97, 109, 140, 215, 221, 304, 510, 517

  • Australian Football League 97

  • autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 232, 233

  • automated sports journalism 47–8

  • ‘average minute audience’ 168

  • Cambridge University 259

  • cannabidiol (CBD) 66

  • cannabis and sport 65–7

  • Carlos, John 10, 439, 440

  • Carolina Panthers 97, 443

  • Carter-Francique, Akilah 117

  • cause-related marketing (CRM) 67–8, 359

  • CBS/Viacom 195, 310, 388, 513

  • celebrity 35, 62, 69–70, 105, 163, 164, 196, 248, 249, 272, 352, 367, 401, 418

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 427

  • centrality 70–71, 242, 337, 396, 446

  • Chandler, Happy 84

  • Chapel Hill, North Carolina 15

  • Chariots of Fire 399

  • Chelsea FC 32, 76

  • Cheyney University 233

  • Chicago White Sox 83

  • China 9, 11, 18, 31, 109, 139, 144, 146, 262, 349, 503

  • Cincinnati Red Stockings 235

  • Cincinnati Reds 97

  • Cincinnati, University of 210

  • circuit of culture framework 122

  • civic engagement 71–4, 188, 189, 433

  • Civil Rights Act (1964) 153, 429, 490

  • Civil War (American) 233, 234

  • Clark Atlanta University 233

  • class see social class

  • Cleveland Browns 98

  • Cleveland Cavaliers 233

  • Cleveland Guardians 33

  • Clinton, Hillary 10, 141

  • cloud computing 74–5

  • club system 75–7

  • clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) 151

  • Coachman, Alice 234

  • Coding 101, 102, 202, 223, 383, 385

  • cognitive intelligence (IQ) 161

  • Cohen v. Brown University (1996) 491

  • Cohen’s alpha 101

  • Cold War 139, 212, 452

  • Cole, Jesse 227

  • collective bargaining agreement (CBA) 77–8, 276, 282, 283, 408

  • collective nostalgia 335

  • p. 530collectively exhaustive 101, 135

  • College Athletic Business Management Association (CABMA) 34, 237

  • College Football Playoff (CFP) 57, 58, 80, 175

  • College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) 34, 457

  • Collegiate Event and Facility Management Association (CEFMA) 34, 186

  • collegiate sport governance 78–81

  • collusion 111

  • color theory 42, 61

  • Columbus, Ohio 1, 236

  • commercialization 82–3

  • Commission for Accreditation of Park and Recreation Agencies (CAPRA) 4–5

  • Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) 4

  • Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) 4

  • Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (CIAW) 79

  • Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) 3, 4, 5, 6, 34, 123, 188, 263, 374

  • commissioner 17, 40, 49, 58, 83–4, 210, 282, 411, 412, 470

  • Committee on Accreditation for the Exercise Sciences (CoAES) 4

  • common method variance 416

  • Common Professional Component (CPC) 5, 6, 188

  • Commonwealth Games 510

  • Commonwealth Games Associations 150

  • communication 84–5

  • Communication & Sport 106, 274

  • community relations 87–8, 465, 470

  • community sport management 89–92

  • community sport organization (CSO) 89, 90, 91, 92

  • competencies 92–3

  • competitive advantage 66, 92, 111, 131, 148, 170, 189, 207, 229, 241, 244, 253, 261, 293, 300, 393, 419, 466, 468, 480, 481

  • competitive balance 30, 44, 93–5, 153, 158, 159, 196, 262, 280, 408, 409, 412

  • compliance 95–6

  • components of diffusion 137, 138

  • Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS) 383

  • concessions 96–8

  • Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Business Regulations (2003) 15

  • Conference for Baseball Executives 1

  • conflicts of interest 110, 111, 219, 220, 277

  • consumer behavior 13, 43, 98–100, 119, 126, 134, 144, 190, 252, 321, 336, 376, 377, 438

  • content analysis 16, 101–2, 383, 384, 385, 403, 450, 469

  • contracts 102–3

  • convention and visitors’ bureaus (CVB) 103–5

  • Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 (CEDAW) 514, 516

  • Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) 514

  • Cooper, Joseph 117

  • Copyright 257, 258

  • ‘core of certainty’ 110

  • core processes in logistics 293, 294

  • corporate

  • corporate social responsibility (CSR) 67, 68, 106–9, 155, 233, 299, 359, 418, 509

  • corruption 84, 109–12, 187, 188, 218, 219, 220, 248, 272, 393, 440

  • Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) 5

  • Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP) 4

  • Council on Accreditation of Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Related Professions (COAPRT) 5

  • Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) 15, 32, 33

  • COVID-19 9, 31, 38, 66, 85, 108, 161, 169, 174, 180, 199, 200, 293, 309, 314, 318, 326, 349, 350–51, 373, 391, 457, 459, 472, 486, 489, 490, 492, 496, 503–5, 518

  • Cowan, Glenn 139

  • Creative Artists Agency (CAA) 18, 302

  • creativity 112

  • crisis communication 113–14

  • crisis management 106, 113, 114–15, 401

  • critical race theory (CRT) 114, 115–17, 118, 386, 450

  • critical theory 117–18, 450, 451

  • cronyism/nepotism 111

  • crowd management 118–20

  • crowdfunding 331

  • cultural awareness 120–21

  • culture 121–3

  • Cunningham, George 147, 148, 244, 245

  • curriculum 123–4

  • customer lifetime value (CLV) 124–5

  • customer relationship marketing 125–6

  • customer service 126–8

  • Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORFing) 98, 329, 438

  • Hall, Tanner 67

  • hallmark sports events 228–9

  • Hamilton, Lewis 70

  • Hamlin, Denny 325

  • Harrington, Al 67

  • Harvard University 39, 79, 259

  • Haudenosaunee 246

  • Hawk, Tony 182

  • Hawkins, Billy 117

  • hazing 229–30

  • Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 185

  • hegemony 117, 210, 230–32

  • Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) 94

  • hidden disabilities 232–3

  • Hierarchy-of-Effects Model 133

  • high school athletic association (HSAA) 280

  • Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) 54, 233–4

  • Historically White Colleges and Universities (HWCUs) 234

  • history of sport management 235–7

  • Home Box Office (HBO) 149

  • Homo Ludens 361

  • homogenization theories 214

  • hospitality 237–9

  • Hotmail 226

  • How to Win Friends and Influence People 330

  • Howard University 233

  • Huff, George 1

  • Huma, Ramogi 475

  • p. 533human resource management (HRM) 199, 241–2, 349

  • human rights 122, 173, 209, 242–3, 321, 452, 514, 516, 518

  • human-centered design (HCD) 239–40

  • Hurricane Katrina 496

  • hybrid logic 255

  • IBM 31, 75, 521

  • Illinois, University of 1, 142

  • image restoration theory (IRT) 113, 114

  • inclusivity 200, 233, 243–5

  • incompatibility thesis 402

  • Indian Country Today 246

  • Indian Premier League (IPL) 262

  • Indianapolis 500 228, 326, 387

  • Indianapolis Colts 59

  • Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) 326

  • Indigenous societies 178, 179, 246

  • Indigenous sport 179, 180, 212, 245–6

  • individual culture 122

  • industry 247–8

  • IndyCar 323, 324, 325, 326

  • inequalities 38, 208, 230, 432, 434, 517

  • influencer marketing 248–50

  • informatics 250–51

  • Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 251–2

  • information sharing 108, 469, 506

  • innovation 253–4

  • Instagram 10, 30, 35, 75, 135, 307, 336, 354, 373, 420, 421, 442, 471, 472, 486, 513

  • Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, The (TIDES) 386, 461

  • institutional logics 254–5

  • integrated marketing communication (IMC) 255–7

  • intellectual property 257–8

  • inter-coder 101

  • Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IAA) 79, 260

  • intercollegiate athletics 39, 79, 80, 196, 234, 259–61, 271, 281, 289, 315, 317, 327, 342, 449, 500

  • Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives 39

  • Intercollegiate Horse Show Association 78

  • Intercollegiate Rowing Association 79

  • intercollegiate sport 39, 57, 79, 80, 260, 261, 281, 282, 315, 327

  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) 196

  • International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE) 4

  • International Association of Athletics Federation 110

  • International Association of Venue Managers (IAVM) 186

  • International Charter of Physical Education and Sport 514

  • International Children Games 173

  • International Committee for Sport Sociology (ICSS) 449

  • International Council of Arbitration for Sport 33

  • International Cycling Union 110

  • International e-Sports Federation 150

  • International Event Group (IEG) 7

  • International Events Group 453

  • International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 196, 197

  • International Gymnastics Federation 212

  • International Handball Federation (IHF) 111

  • International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association (IHRSA) 200

  • International Journal of Sport Communication (IJCS) 106, 274

  • International Journal of Sports Finance (IJSF) 158, 274

  • International Management Group (IMG) 17, 18

  • International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) 323, 324, 325

  • International Olympic Committee (IOC) 21, 32, 33, 37, 96, 108, 151, 154, 183, 213, 218, 220, 243, 285, 310, 364, 379, 521

  • International Review for Sport Sociology (IRSS) 449

  • International sport management 262–3

  • International Sport Management Alliance 34

  • International Tennis Federation (ITF) 414

  • International Weightlifting Federation 111

  • International Working Group (IWG) on Women and Sport 515, 516, 517

  • internet of things (IOT) 248

  • internships 263–4

  • interpersonal skills 264–6

  • inter-rater 101

  • interscholastic athletics 266–8

  • interscholastic sport 41, 267, 280, 525

  • intersectionality 116, 118, 208, 396

  • interviewing 268–70

  • IOC Bulletin 95

  • IOC Sport and Environmental Commission 286

  • iOS 30

  • iPhone 98, 349

  • iTunes 31

  • Indiana University (IU) 99

  • Ivy League 234, 350, 448

  • Jack, Kelvin 14

  • Jackson, Stephen 66

  • James, Bill 26

  • James, LeBron 10, 164, 432, 440, 444, 513

  • Japanese Association for Sport Management 34

  • Jensen, Knud 95

  • Jeter, Derek 307, 513

  • job satisfaction 270–71

  • Jockey Club 75, 235

  • Johnson, Jack 439

  • Jordan, Michael 59, 164, 182, 325

  • Journal of Political Economy 158

  • Journal of Sport and Social Issues (JSSI) 450

  • Journal of Sport and Tourism 274, 493

  • Journal of Sport Management (JSM) 156, 273, 274, 403, 472, 494

  • Journal of Sports Economics 158, 274

  • p. 534Journal of the Christian Society for Kinesiology and Leisure Studies 399

  • journalism 272–3

  • journals 273–5

  • Jung, Carl 62

  • Juventus 146

  • Kaepernick, Colin 10, 70, 116, 204, 205, 439, 440, 444

  • Kansai, Japan 9

  • Kansas City Royals 68

  • Kaur, Man 9

  • KDKA, Pittsburgh 387

  • Kendall’s Tau 94

  • Kentucky Derby 97, 228

  • Kentucky, University of 2

  • Key performance indicators (KPIs) 225, 275

  • Komen Race for the Cure 359, 360

  • Korean Society for Sport Management (KSSM) 34

  • Krippendorf’s Alpha 101

  • Krugman, Paul 211

  • labor management 276–7

  • labor markets 277–8

  • Ladies Professional Golfers Association (LPGA) 216, 372

  • LaLiga (Spain) 146

  • Landis, Floyd 67

  • Landis, Kenesaw Mountain 83, 84

  • language competence 278–80

  • Las Vegas, Nevada (USA) 9, 296, 326

  • Latin American Association for Sport Management 34

  • Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport (1999) 151

  • law 280–83

  • law of agency 14, 15

  • leadership 283–4

  • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 108, 156, 185, 406

  • Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) 283

  • leagues 284–5

  • Learning to Play 22

  • legacy 285–6

  • leisure behavior 286–8, 423

  • Leroy, Louis 246

  • lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) 69, 143, 144, 288, 395, 444, 523

  • Levels of Organizational behavior 338, 339, 340

  • Lewis, Michael 26

  • licensing 289–90

  • Liddell, Eric 399

  • lifestyle sports 290–91

  • Lightning Decision Jam (LDJ) 136

  • Lincoln University 233

  • LinkedIn 330, 441

  • Lippmann, Walter 15

  • literature 292

  • Liverpool FC 145, 171, 233, 495

  • lobbying 111

  • local-global paradox 214

  • logistics 292–4

  • logo 7, 42, 59, 61, 62, 189, 257, 289, 304, 319, 376, 422, 431, 454, 503

  • London Olympics (2012) 16, 31, 152, 210, 213

  • Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) Model 22, 23, 37

  • Los Angeles Clippers 84

  • Los Angeles Dodgers 97

  • Los Angeles Olympics (1984) 140, 157

  • Los Angeles Rams 59, 106

  • loyalty 294–5

  • Louisiana State University (LSU) 58

  • luxury boxes and suites 295–6

  • Macolin Convention (2004) 306

  • Madden, Janice 410, 411

  • main categories of sponsorship 453

  • major event organization (MEO) 151

  • Major League Baseball (MLB) 27, 29, 30, 32, 49, 77, 78, 83, 84, 124, 131, 151, 205, 224, 229, 276, 335, 408, 412, 439

  • Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) 32, 77, 276

  • Major League Soccer (MLS) 10, 78, 108, 190, 262, 372, 386, 505

  • Major League Umpires Association (MLUA) 224

  • Malcolm X 10

  • malperform 110

  • management 296–7

  • management information systems (MIS) 298–9

  • Manchester United 76, 122, 146, 243, 373, 437

  • Manila Declaration on Women and Sport (1996) 515

  • March on Washington 9

  • marijuana 65, 66

  • Marihuana Tax Act (1937) 66

  • marketing 299–302

  • marketing mix 302–3

  • Martin, Casey 25

  • Martin Luther King Jr. 9

  • Martin, Trayvon 10

  • mascots 61, 303–4

  • masculine hegemony 210, 429

  • ‘masculinist hegemony’ 210

  • Maslow, A H 171, 321

  • Mason, James 2

  • Massachusetts, University of 2, 3, 33

  • match fixing 305–6

  • McCarty, Darren 66

  • McCombs, Maxwell 15

  • McCormack, Mark 17, 236

  • McNally, Dave 29

  • ‘Me Too’ 225, 428, 429, 430

  • media 306–7

  • ‘MediaSport’ 312

  • mediatization 312–13

  • mega sporting events 313–15

  • mental health 315–16

  • p. 535mental health emergency action and management plan (MHEAMP) 316

  • mentoring 317–18

  • Mercedes-Benz 97, 98, 99, 146, 171

  • merchandise and apparel 318–19

  • Messersmith, Andy 29

  • Miami Dolphins 97

  • Miami, University of 2

  • Microsoft Azure 74

  • Microsoft Teams 504, 505

  • migration 320–21

  • Miller, Marvin 77

  • Milwaukee Bucks 10, 59

  • Minor League Baseball (MiLB) 97, 372

  • Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) epidemic 180, 246

  • mixed-methods studies 385

  • mobile technology 251, 252

  • Modified Volunteer Functions Inventory for Sports (MVFIS) 510

  • Monaco Grand Prix 228, 325

  • money laundering 111

  • Moneyball 26, 27, 131, 462, 466

  • Montana, Joe 67

  • ‘Montreal Effect’ 286

  • Montreal Olympics (1976) 140, 150, 286

  • moral principles 169

  • Moscow Olympics (1980) 140, 304

  • motivation 321–3

  • motorsport management 323–7

  • Moustafa, Hassan 111

  • Multilevel Conceptual Model of Leadership in Sport Management 283

  • multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) 166, 167

  • Muscat, Oman 9

  • Muscular Christianity 399

  • mutually beneficial relationships 381, 382

  • mutually exclusive 101, 135, 163, 430

  • name, image, and likeness (NIL) 35, 59, 261, 327–8, 444, 475

  • NASDAQ 195, 500

  • Nassar, Larry 427, 428

  • National Alliance for Youth Sport (NAYS) 34, 523

  • National Anti-Doping Organization (NADO) 151, 154

  • National Association for Athletics Compliance (NAAC) 34

  • National Association for Sport & Physical Education (NAPSE) 263

  • National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) 140, 233, 289, 301, 323–6, 372, 407, 486

  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 9

  • National Association of Academic and Student-Athlete Development Professionals (NAASADP) 34, 237

  • National Association of Athletic Development Directors (NAADD) 34

  • National Association of Athletic Ticket Sales & Operations (NAATSO) 34

  • National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) 34, 41, 237

  • National Association of Collegiate Esports 79

  • National Association of Collegiate Marketing Administrators (NACMA) 34

  • National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) 39, 79, 80, 81, 259, 474

  • National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball (NAIB) 80

  • National Association of Sports Commissions (NASC) 456

  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) 316

  • National Basketball Association (NBA) 7, 10, 16, 27, 30, 49, 66, 78, 83, 84, 124, 144, 150, 154, 183, 187, 191, 210, 213, 233, 256, 262, 276, 277, 289, 304, 307, 310, 350, 352, 354, 372, 373, 386, 408, 412, 439, 440, 442, 444, 468, 472, 487, 490, 505, 513, 521

  • National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) 276

  • National Broadcasting Company (NBC) 84, 204, 213, 307, 310, 387, 513

  • National Christian College Athletic Association 79

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 21, 30, 38, 54, 56, 79, 196, 202, 235, 259, 281, 289, 327, 364, 386, 392, 428, 444, 449, 474, 492

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston (2019) 30

  • National Collegiate Cycling Association 79

  • National Collegiate Equestrian Association 79

  • National Council for Accreditation of Coaching Education (NCACE) 4

  • National Council of Youth Sports 331, 523

  • National Council of Youth Sports Survey 22–3

  • national culture 122

  • National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) 268

  • National Federation of High Schools (NFHS) 21, 34, 235, 266, 267, 268

  • National Football League (NFL) 10, 17, 27, 30, 32, 49, 54, 59, 66, 68, 70, 78, 97, 99, 106, 124, 128, 149, 150, 183, 187, 199, 205, 210, 229, 233, 262, 276, 277, 284, 289, 301, 309, 335, 361, 363, 364, 372, 386, 408, 410, 412, 439, 441, 442, 453, 471, 489, 502, 505

  • National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) 17, 276

  • National Hockey League (NHL) 16, 28, 32, 49, 66, 67, 78, 210, 262, 276, 277, 289, 310, 338, 372, 408, 412

  • National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA) 276

  • National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) 323, 324, 325, 326

  • National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association 79

  • National Intercollegiate Rugby Association 79

  • National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA) 34, 41

  • p. 536National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) 79, 81, 259

  • National Labor Relations Act (1935) 77

  • National Letter of Intent (NLI) 392

  • National Olympic Committee (NOC) 96, 220, 515

  • National Park Service 391

  • National Parks and Recreation Association (NPRA) 34

  • National Senior Games 18

  • national sport governing bodies (NSGBs) 275

  • national sport organizations (NSOs) 96

  • National Study of Student Hazing 229

  • nationalism 328–30

  • Native American 61, 178, 179, 180, 246, 304

  • NBA v. Motorola (1997) 258

  • NCAA v. Board of Regents (1984) 30

  • Netflix 309, 310

  • networking 330–31

  • New York City Marathon 320

  • New York Journal 69

  • New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) 195

  • New York Yankees 33, 319, 387

  • New Zealand 9, 34, 85, 93, 140, 449, 450, 518

  • Newmarket, England 75, 235

  • Nike 12, 31, 61, 164, 195, 198, 213, 214, 258, 318, 319, 422, 444, 454

  • NIRSA: Leaders in Collegiate Recreation

  • Nixon, President Richard 139, 491

  • Noll-Scully (N-S) competitive balance measure 94

  • non-governmental organization (NGO) 242, 247, 452, 514, 515, 516, 517

  • nonprofit

  • North American Court of Arbitration for Sport 219

  • North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 196, 241

  • North American Society for Sport Sociology (NASSS) 449, 450

  • North American Society of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) 3, 4, 6

  • North American Society of Sport Management (NASSM) 3, 4, 5, 34, 262, 263, 274

  • North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) 267

  • North Carolina, University of 61

  • North Korea 140

  • no-shows 331–3

  • nostalgia 335–6

  • Nugent, Timothy 142

  • Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) 66

  • UN Division for the Advancement of Women (UNDAW) 516, 517

  • UN Sustainable Development Goals 108, 210, 242, 479, 517

  • uncertainty outcome hypothesis 153

  • Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) 143, 146, 313

  • Union Royale v. Bosman (1995) 206

  • unions 277

  • United Kingdom 14, 15, 21, 156, 235, 243, 262, 279, 450, 483

  • United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 209

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 86, 248, 514, 516

  • United Nations Human Rights Council 242

  • United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace 242

  • United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace (UNOSDP) 243

  • United States Center for Safe Sport 428

  • United States Collegiate Athletic Association 79

  • United States Football League (USFL) 277

  • United States Green Building Council (USGBC) 108

  • United States Gymnastics (USAG) 427

  • United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) 219, 283

  • United States Olympic Committee (USOC) 128, 219, 379, 514

  • United States Soccer Federation 128

  • United States Swimming 90

  • United States Tennis Association 18, 90

  • United States Women’s National Soccer Team (USWNT) 205, 372, 439, 440

  • United States Youth Soccer 90

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 242, 514

  • University of Notre Dame 58

  • University of Ohio 2

  • University of Oklahoma (OU) 58

  • University of Southern California (USC) 58

  • urbanism 496–8

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 200

  • U.S. Constitution 258, 391

  • U.S. Department of Justice 10

  • U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) 258

  • U.S. Soccer Foundation 89

  • U.S. social system 116

  • U.S. Supreme Court 10, 25, 29, 30, 205, 280, 281, 282, 364, 429, 439, 491, 492

  • USA Cycling 155

  • USA Pickleball Association 18

  • USA Today 444

  • uses and gratifications 46, 498–9

  • Utah Jazz 304, 350

  • Walsh, Dick 2

  • Warrior, Robert Allen 180

  • Washington Post, The 47

  • Wasserman 18

  • wearable technologies and analytics 511–12

  • websites 513

  • Welcoming through Sports 76

  • WhatsApp 135

  • wheelchair basketball 11, 12, 149

  • White House 79, 139, 260, 444

  • White, Major J Andrew 388

  • Whyte’s Groupthink Recast Model 224

  • wicked problems 135, 136

  • Wickel, Harrison 2

  • Wilberforce University 233

  • Williams, Serena 69, 116, 164, 422

  • Wimbledon 31, 97, 228, 521

  • win probability added (WPA) 28, 129

  • Windhoek Call for Action 516

  • Winkebach, Bill 192

  • wins above replacement (WAR) 129

  • Winter Olympics 152, 183, 311, 313, 314, 452

  • Wisconsin, University of 1

  • WJZ, New York 387

  • Women 2000 and Beyond 517

  • women in sport 514–18

  • Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) 10

  • Wonderlic cognitive ability test 153

  • Woods, Tiger 164, 319, 422

  • Woodward, Milt 2

  • word of mouth (WOM) see also eWOM 35, 61, 125, 337, 397, 401, 518–19

  • World Anti-Doping Association (WADA) 95, 96, 150, 151, 152, 154

  • World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) 154

  • World Association for Sport Management (WASM) 5

  • World Bank 217

  • World Football League (WFL) 277

  • World Health Organization (WHO) 8, 18, 350

  • World Hockey Association (WHA) 277

  • World Masters Games (WMG) 9

  • World Players Union (FIFPro) 38

  • World Series 64, 83, 84, 276, 301, 387, 388

  • World Surf League (WSL) 183

  • World Table Tennis Championships 1971 139

  • World Trade Organization (WTO) 493

  • World Veterans Table Tennis Championships (WVC) 9

  • World War I 187

  • World War II 57, 148, 150, 187, 212, 242, 319

  • Wrigley Field, Chicago 171, 494

  • Zeigler, Earle F. 93

  • Zeigler, John 150

  • Zhuang Zedong 139

  • Zoom 31, 504

Cover Encyclopedia of Sport Management
Encyclopedia of Sport Management
Encyclopedia
Publication Date:
16 Dec 2021
Print ISBN:
9781800883277
eISBN:
9781800883284
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800883284
Page Count:
557
Collections:
Business 2021
Buy Print