AI | Artificial intelligence |
ARIPO | African Regional Intellectual Property Organization |
B | Billion |
BIO-M | Study of biomaterial technology |
BMBF | Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung |
BRIC | Brazil, Russia, India and China |
C-field | Chemical engineering field |
CAFC | United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit |
CAPM | Capital Asset Pricing Model |
CBI | Confederation of British Industry |
CEO | Chief executive officer |
CIPO | Chief intellectual property officer |
CIS | Community Innovation Survey |
CP | Community patent |
CTO | Chief technology officer |
DPMA | Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt |
E-area | Electricity area |
E-field | Electrical engineering field |
EC | European Commission |
EMU | Economic and Monetary Union |
EP | European patent |
EPC | European Patent Convention |
EPLA | European Patent Litigation Agreement |
EPO | European Patent Office |
ETSI | European Telecommunications Standards Institute |
EU | European Union |
EUR | Euro |
FDI | Foreign direct investment |
FF | First filing |
FIB | Foreign is better |
FRAND | Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory terms |
FTC | Federal Trade Commission |
FTO | Freedom to operate |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GAZ | Study of high-growth “gazelle” companies |
GDP | Gross domestic product |
GDPR | General Data Protection Regulation |
GERD | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D |
GGVV | Study of the Gnosjö region (Gislaved, Gnosjö, Vaggeryd and Värnamo) |
GII | Global Innovation Index |
GNI | Gross national income |
GNP | Gross national product |
GSM | Global System for Mobile communications (originally Groupe Spécial |
| Mobile) |
GPTs | General purpose technologies |
GRP | Gross regional product |
HDI | Human Development Index |
HIT | Study of high-tech companies |
I&E | Innovation and entrepreneurship |
IAS | International Accounting Standards |
IC | Intellectual capital |
ICLs | Innovation collaborations |
ICT | Information and communication technology |
IFRS | International Financial Reporting Standards |
IIP | Innovation and intellectual property |
INT | Study of international conditions |
IoT | Internet of things |
IP | Intellectual property |
IP5 | The five large IP Offices, known as “The Big Five” (EPO, JPO, KIPO, |
| SIPO, USPTO) |
IPC | International Patent Classification |
IPE | Study of the supply and demand of patent and IP education in Sweden |
IPM | IP management |
IPO | Initial public offering |
IPR | Intellectual property right |
IPRED | Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive |
IT | Information technology |
IT-SME | Questionnaire study of small and medium-sized companies in the IT sector |
ITU | International Telecommunication Union |
IVA | Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences |
JPO | Japan Patent and Trademark Office |
KIPO | Korean Intellectual Property Office |
LF | Large firms |
LTE | Long Term Evolution |
M | Million |
M&A | Mergers and acquisitions |
M-field | Mechanical engineering field |
MADs | M&As and divestments |
MELT | Managerial, economic, legal and technological |
MITI | Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) |
MNC | Multinational corporation |
MoU | Memorandum of understanding |
MTB | Market to book |
NAE | National Academy of Engineering |
NAS | National Academy of Science |
NGOs | Non-governmental organizations |
NIC | National Intellectual Capital |
NIR | Journal and association for Nordic immaterial property rights protection |
NMT | Nordic Mobile Telephony System |
NP | National patent |
NPE | Non-producing or non-practicing entity |
NPF | Non-profit foundation |
NPOs | National patent offices |
NRC | National Research Council |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OEM | Original Equipment Manufacturer |
OTC | Over-the-counter |
PAE | Patent Assertion Entity |
PCT | Patent Cooperation Treaty |
PEs | Producing entities |
PEST | Study of exploitation of important patents |
PEX | Patent and growth investigation |
PEX4-L | Questionnaire study of large companies |
PEX4-PB | Questionnaire study of patent consultancy agencies |
PEX4-PRV | Study of the Swedish PTO patent statistics |
PEX4-S | Questionnaire study of small and medium-sized companies |
PF | Patenting frequency |
PFI | Profit from innovation |
PLC | Product life cycle |
PLT | Patent Law Treaty |
PME | Patent monetization entity |
PPH | Patent Prosecution Highway |
PPP | Public-private partnership |
PPP-chem | Study of product and process patents in the chemical field |
PPR | Physical property right |
PR | Property right |
PRV | Swedish Patent and Registration Office (or Swedish PTO) |
PTO | Patent and Trademark Office |
PTT | Post, telegraph and telephone |
R&D | Research and development |
RAND | Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory terms |
RoI | Return on investment |
QOL | Quality of life |
S&T | Science and technology |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
SEK | Swedish crown |
SEPs | Standard essential patents |
SFs | Submitted national filings |
SFFs | Swedish first filings |
SIPO | Chinese Patent and Trademark Office |
SMEs | Small and medium-sized companies |
SSI | Study of Sweden’s greatest innovations |
SSOs | Standard setting organizations |
STEP | Science, Technology and Economic Policy |
TBI | Technology-based industry |
TBS | Technology-based service industry |
TDD | Time division duplex |
TLO | Technology licensing office |
TQM | Total Quality Management |
TRIPS | The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights |
TTO | Technology transfer office |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
UMTS | Universal Mobile Telecommunication System |
UP | Unitary Patent |
UPC | Unified Patents Court |
USD | United States dollar |
USPTO | United States Patent and Trademark Office |
VC | Venture capital |
VHS | Video Home System |
VINNOVA | The Swedish Innovation Agency |
WIPO | World Intellectual Property Organization |
WHR | World Happiness Report |
WTO | World Trade Organization |